![]() ![]() The expectation-maximization algorithm was conducted to replace the missing values. The mean and standard deviation of gender, level of education, age, and sample size among each clinical group are provided in Table 1. Diagnostically, the sample consisted of 13.19% patients with schizophrenia, 19.27% with major depressive disorder, 3.40% with bipolar disorder, 15.21% with anxiety disorder, 9.13% with developmental disorder, 8.12% with neurocognitive disorder, and 3.40% with other psychiatric conditions. Exclusion criteria were of the following: 1) patients with hearing, vision, or fine motor deficits and 2) patients with other medical conditions (e.g., chronic psychosomatic, cardiovascular, or respiratory diseases). All the patients have been asked for their informed consent prior to the studies, and further inclusion screening was preceded to only those who agreed to participate in the study. The diagnosis were made according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder fourth edition (DSM-IV) and the Korean version of MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus Version 5.0 (K-MINI-Plus 5.0). We included the responses of 115 heterogeneous patients with ages from 19 to 60, all diagnosed with either Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, Head Trauma due to Traumatic Brain Injury, Mental Retardation, or Autism. Furthermore, recent findings from neuroimaging studies consolidated the relationship between the Gf and working memory by elucidating their neural substrates, the direct/indirect relationship between white matter integrity and the Gf through working memory. ![]() conducted a latent variable analysis of the Gf and other cognitive factors (working memory, processing speed, and short-term memory), and their results showed the working memory was the only variable qualified to predict the Gf. Recent findings have shown working memory has a stronger relationship with Gf than with the processing speed. Some early longitudinal studies have successfully addressed that working memory and processing speed both are related with the Gf. showed some communality between working memory and mental speed when one engages in tasks with low-level complexity. Įven though such studies have suggested the possible link between working memory and processing speed, limited study has been done to clarify their relationship. Majority of working memory span tasks were developed based on Baddeley and Hitch’s theory of working memory and it is continuously being used in the present. This signifies the necessity to take both perspectives of the domain-specific (stands out when specific component of the stimuli take over the priority of the relationship) and domain-general (stands out when active manipulation of information is necessary) into account when dealing with working memory. Furthermore, different matters such as the type of stimuli, level of task difficulty, and modality rationale, affect the activation of different parts of the working memory system. According to this model, the phonological loop processes auditory information while the visuospatial sketchpad deals with visual/spatial information. Baddeley and Hitch later theorized working memory consists of domain-general storage (the central executive), responsible for incorporating all the information, and domain-specific storage (the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad) which separated from one another and work independently. Many researchers used to conceive working memory as a single process, but recent studies have re-defined working memory to be a multiple process. Working memory is one of the core executive functions that acts as a bridge between short-term and long-term memory by holding and manipulating input information.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |